Changes in Height and Body Weight Within a Time Period of 35 Years in Males of the Same Age / Cambios en la Altura y el Peso Corporal en un Período de 35 Años en Hombres de la Misma Edad

SUMMARY: Height and body weight measurements are among the most important anthropometric variables when assessing a population's growth, development and body composition. This study aimed to evaluate the height and body weight variability of male entities aged 17-18 years within 35 years. This goal was realized by comparing the height and body weight of the population of the same gender and age in three different time studies. The descriptive statistical parameters and T-test for independent groups show systematic and significant differences in measured variables between three measurements in different timelines. Both in body height and body weight, from measurement to measurement, significant systematic and statistically significant differences (p<0.01) have been identified (1985: BH= 172.8cm, BW= 61.7kg; 2004: BH=176.8 cm, BW=66.9 kg; 2019: BH=178.5 cm, BW=72 kg). The results of this study prove that the change in the socio-economic status of a population over a period time of 35 years can significantly affect the growth and development of children/adolescents.

Las medidas de altura y peso corporal se encuentran entre las variables antropométricas más importantes a la hora de evaluar el crecimiento, el desarrollo y la composición corporal de una población. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la variabilidad de la altura y el peso corporal de entidades masculinas de 17 a 18 años dentro de 35 años. Este objetivo se logró comparando la altura y el peso corporal de la población del mismo sexo y edad en tres estudios temporales diferentes. Los parámetros estadísticos descriptivos y la prueba T para grupos independientes muestran diferencias sistemáticas y significativas en las variables medidas entre tres mediciones en diferentes líneas de tiempo. Tanto en la altura como en el peso corporal, de medición en medición, se han identificado diferencias significativas sistemáticas y estadísticamente significativas (p<0,01) (1985: BH= 172,8 cm, BW= 61,7 kg; 2004: BH=176,8 cm, BW=66,9 kg; 2019: BH=178,5 cm, BW=72 kg). Los resultados de este estudio demuestran que el cambio en el estatus socioeconómico de una población durante un período de 35 años puede afectar significativamente el crecimiento y desarrollo de niños/ adolescentes.

Measuring categorisation in pre-school children: new toolkit, new insights

Introduction: whilst recent years have witnessed considerable research into infant categorisation, its development during the pre-school period has garnered far less interest and innovation. Objective: this paper documents the development of a valid and reliable new toolkit for measuring categorisation in children, designed to allow fine-grained differentiation through four short tasks. Methods: the paper outlines how a pilot study with 55 children reduced confounding variables, ruled out several explanations for performance variations and enabled procedural refinements. It then documents a study conducted with 190 children aged 30-60 months. Results: this more sophisticated testing mechanism challenges previously accepted developmental norms and suggests both sex and socio-economic status (and their interaction) influence categorisational abilities in pre-schoolers. Conclusion: the results indicate that preschool children's ability to categorise varies markedly, with implications for their capacity to access formal education.

Introdução: embora nos últimos anos tenha havido pesquisas consideráveis sobre a categorização infantil, seu desenvolvimento durante o período pré-escolar atraiu muito menos interesse e inovação. Objetivo: este artigo documenta o desenvolvimento de um novo kit de ferramentas válido e confiável para medir a categorização em crianças, projetado para permitir diferenciação refinada por meio de quatro tarefas curtas. Método: o artigo descreve como um estudo piloto com 55 crianças reduziu variáveis de confusão, descartou várias explicações para variações de desempenho e permitiu refinamentos de procedimentos. Em seguida, documenta um estudo realizado com 190 crianças de 30 a 60 meses. Resultados: este mecanismo de teste mais sofisticado desafia as normas de desenvolvimento previamente aceitas e sugere que o sexo e o status socioeconômico (e sua interação) influenciam as habilidades de categorização em pré-escolares. Conclusão: os resultados indicam que a capacidade de categorização dos pré-escolares varia acentuadamente, com implicações na sua capacidade de acesso à educação forma

Pharmacoeconomics study of rosuvastatin single daily dose versus alternate day dosing in hyperlipidemia patients

Background: In country like India, therapy with rosuvastatin recommended dose may cost between Rs. 400.00 and Rs. 800.00/month. The lower and middle income groups of Indian society are rapidly becoming major sufferers of cardiovascular disease, among all non-communicable diseases, the economic burden of rosuvastatin therapy may be substantial for this large section of population. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to study the cost-effectiveness of rosuvastatin on alternate day versus daily dosing regimen in hyperlipidemia patients. Materials and Methods: The research was carried out at MNR Medical College and Hospital’s department of pharmacology in association with general medicine. According to the inclusion criteria, 50 patients aged 30–60 years of both sexes were included in this prospective open label trial. The research lasted 6 weeks. All the participants were included in study after obtaining the informed consent and approval of the Institutional Ethics Committee was obtained before enrolment of participants. All patient data were obtained using a pre-designed proforma and put into an excel spreadsheet. Results: A total of 42 patients are included with 16 females (38%) and 26 men (62%). Cost of daily rosuvastatin for 6 weeks is Rs. 1087.80 (yearly daily dosing expenses 9453.50%) accounting for mean reduction of LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) of 33.50% and for alternate day rosuvastatin for 6 weeks is 543.90% (yearly alternate day dosing expense 4713.80%) accounting for mean reduction of LDL-C of 31%. Conclusion: Treatment with alternate day dose of rosuvastatin is comparably cost-effective when compared to currently practicing daily dose rosuvastatin therapy.

A Community Based Cross-Sectional Study to Assess the Socio-Economic and Health Status of Rag Pickers in Varanasi slums, North India

Background- Rag picking is one of the inferior economic activities in the urban informal sector, largely undertaken by children belonging to weaker sections of society for their survival and for supplementing their family income. Rag picking is one of the most dangerous activities in India. Rag pickers are working in a filthy environment surrounded by dust, dogs, and pigs. They suffer from many diseases, such as respiratory problems, anemia, fever, and other problems which include cuts, rashes, and injuries. Waste pickers are the general term adopted by the 1 st World Conference of Waste Pickers in 2008. Objective- [a] To assess the socio-economic condition of ragpickers in Varanasi, [b] To know the health condition and treatment behavior of ragpickers in Varanasi. Materials and Methods- A community-based descriptive cross-sectional study in which ragpickers reside in the slum area of Varanasi. All men and women present at the time of the interview who were involved in rag picking from the last 6 months were included. Seriously ill men and women were excluded. Since we had no prior knowledge about the proportion of cases (P) so a pilot study was conducted in which prevalence of health problem found in rag pickers in the last 6 months (P) = 0.90. Total estimated sample size is 100. In this study, Simple Random sampling was used. By using this sampling 100 individuals were selected randomly, fulfilling the inclusion criteria. Results-82 (82.0%) rag pickers were not educated in which 75 (91.5%) rag pickers suffered from health problems. Maximum 74 (74.0 %) rag pickers were migrants. Maximum 74 (74.0%) rag pickers were married in which 36 (48.0 %) rag pickers were married between 14- 18 ages. 80 (80.0%) rag pickers had not used any precautionary measure during rag picking in which 73 (91.2%) rag pickers faced health problems. Maximum 39(39.0%) were affected by dust during rag picking. Only 17(17%) ragpickers preferred government hospitals for treatment. 75 (75.0 %) rag pickers were addicted to intoxication in which 66 (88.0%) rag pickers faced health problems. 91 (91%) ragpickers affected by any health problems in the last 6 months in which a maximum of 63.7% of rag pickers suffered from fever, 60.4% of rag pickers complained about injuries, 56.2 % of rag pickers suffered from weakness problems, 52.7% of rag pickers affected by cough problems. There is a highly significance between educational status and any kind of intoxication. Discussion- The literacy level among the rag pickers was 18% which is much lower than the average literacy rate of Varanasi 75.60% (2011census). A study on slum dwellers in Dhaka showed the literacy rate higher than the finding of this study (18 vs 25 %). 28.0% of rag pickers adopted this work because they had no education. There is a high significance between educational status and any kind of intoxication. Chances of intoxication are high when no education among rag pickers. It is highly significant between educational status and health problems of rag pickers in the last 6 months. Uneducated rag pickers were not aware of the health effects.

Socio-Economic Status As An Associate Of Emotional Competence Of Secondary School Students

The study aims to find out the association between socio-economic status (SES) of the family and emotional competence (EC) of secondary school students by taking the construct as a whole and in terms of of its component factors. The cross- sectional study collected data from a stratified random sample of 866 students from the secondary schools of Ernakulam and Thrissur districts (Kerala, India), representing the population of adolescents in the age range 13-15, studying in the secondary classes (Std. VIII to X) of schools affiliated to the Board of Public Examinations, Govt. of Kerala. Data were collected by administering the Emotional Competence Scale for Secondary School Pupils (Rekha & Salim Kumar, 2015) and the Socio-Economic Status Scale (Usha & Vijayan, 2014). Chi-square test of association was employed to analyse the data inferentially. The result revealed the presence of significant association between SES of the family and emotional competence in total and two of the constituent factors of EC, viz., self-awareness and relationship management

Prevalence of Periodontitis and its Association with Smokeless Tobacco (SLT) Use amongst the Adult Population of Greater Noida, India - A Cross-Sectional Study

Context: Smokeless tobacco (SLT) has been consumed in India since times immemorial. It is the need of an hour to emphasise about awareness and harmful effects of SLT in relation to periodontium. Aim: The aim of the study was to access the prevalence of periodontitis and its association with SLT amongst the adult population of Greater Noida, India. Settings and Design: Hospital?based study and cross?sectional design. Methods and Material: This cross?sectional study included 512 SLT subjects between the ages of 18 and 79 years. The study was carried out from December 2019 to January 2022. A self?designed questionnaire was used for recording demographic details, forms of SLT, frequency, duration of use, and sites of retention of SLT products. The clinical periodontal parameters such as periodontal pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were recorded in a given point of time. Statistical Analysis Used: Chi?square test and logistic regression analysis. Results: The prevalence of periodontitis among SLT was 81.6% with the highest occurrence of Stage III Periodontitis (35.4%). The use of SLT for ?10 years [odds ratio (OR) = 3.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.86–6.27] showed threefold the risk for periodontitis compared to others who consumed SLT for 4–5 years. Gutkha consumers [OR = 2.56 (95% CI = 0.75–3.48)] were 2.56 times more prone to have periodontitis as compared to other forms of SLT. Conclusions: Periodontitis is positively associated with SLT use. Awareness, timely intervention, and periodic screening in the SLT users will help to prevent the progression of periodontitis.

Hospitalization & health expenditure in Odisha: Evidence from National Sample Survey (1995-2014)

Background & objectives: Financing healthcare services through out-of-pocket payments is common in India. Household impoverishments due to health expenditure can be daunting, especially among the economically vulnerable households. This study investigated hospitalization and patient’s health expenditure in Odisha State in India. Methods: The national sample survey data were used to assess hospitalization and patient’s health expenditure over two time periods (1995 and 2014). Disease classification was made following International Classification of Diseases 10th revision (ICD-10). The hospitalization rate and health expenditure were estimated for infectious, cardiovascular, non-communicable, disability and other diseases. Andersen model was used to examine the determinants of healthcare expenditure. Results: Findings of the study revealed that hospitalization in Odisha increased nearly three folds and health expenditure by more than two times between 1995 to 2014. While the hospitalization for other diseases remained consistently higher, health expenditure for disability was the highest and it increased three times within the last two decades. The socio-economic and demographic divides in the hospitalization rate and health expenditure were evident. Interpretation & conclusions: Our analysis indicated that predisposing factors such as age and marital status played an important role in hospitalization whereas, enabling factors likely determined the health expenditure. There is a need to recognize the unique vulnerabilities of older population, widowed and health financial mechanism for disability-related illness.

Sexual behaviours and their associated factors among young people in the Dodowa Health and Demographic Surveillance Site (DHDSS) in Ghana

Objective: This paper describes sexual behaviours and their associated factors among young people. Design: The study design is cross-sectional. Setting: Dodowa Health and Demographic Surveillance Site (DHDSS) in Ghana's Shai-Osudoku and Ningo Prampram districts. Participants: Young people aged 10 to 24 years, median age 17 years. Outcome measures: Self-reported to have ever had sex, non-use of a condom at last sex, and ever been pregnant or gotten someone pregnant. Results: Of the 1689 young people; 42% reported having ever had sex, not using a condom at last sexual activity (64%), and ever been pregnant or gotten someone pregnant (41%). The proportion of non-use of condoms at last sex was high across all age groups but was highest (93%) in a small proportion of 10 to 14-year-olds who have ever had sex. Higher proportions of females than males; were reported to have ever had sex (46%), not using a condom at their last sex (66%) and ever been pregnant or getting someone pregnant (56%). Age group (20 to 24), females, primary or junior high school, living alone and lower household socio-economic status were risk factors associated with all three outcome measures. Conclusion: Risky sexual behaviour is high among young people in the Dodowa HDSS. Therefore, interventions that promote safer sexual practices and help young people make timely decisions on their sexual and reproductive health care needs are required.

Dietary supplement use in elementary school children: a Japanese web-based survey

BACKGROUND@#A variety of dietary supplements are commercially available. However, the efficacy and safety of dietary supplement use in children are not well established. Understanding dietary supplement use is important for developing public health policy regarding dietary supplements. This study aimed to investigate the types of dietary supplements used and characteristics of dietary supplement users among Japanese elementary school children.@*METHOD@#We conducted a cross-sectional web-based questionnaire study. Dietary supplement use, socio-demographics, and health-related behaviors were assessed through mother-reported questionnaire. Types of dietary supplements were identified based on ingredient using product barcodes and brand names. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to investigate the socio-demographics and health-related behaviors associated with supplement use.@*RESULTS@#Among 4933 children, 333 (6.8%) were identified as dietary supplement users. The most common supplement was amino acids or protein (1.4%), followed by n-3 fatty acids or fish oil (1.0%), probiotics (1.0%), multivitamins (0.9%), multivitamin-minerals (0.8%), and botanicals (0.8%). Overall, any dietary supplement use was significantly associated with the highest frequency of sports participation (odds ratio [OR], 2.58; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.65-4.02), highest household income (OR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.13-3.10), highest maternal educational level (OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.31-2.52), and male sex (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.09-1.75). The highest frequency of sports participation was significantly associated with higher odds of use of amino acids or protein (OR, 6.06; 95% CI, 1.78-20.6) and multivitamins (OR, 3.56; 95% CI, 1.11-11.5), compared to the lowest frequency of sports participation.@*CONCLUSION@#This study showed that Japanese children primarily use non-vitamin, non-mineral supplements. Non-vitamin, non-mineral supplements should thus be included in future studies aimed at monitoring dietary supplement use. We also found that dietary supplement use in children was associated with sports participation. Guidelines for dietary supplement use for children, in particular sport participants, are needed.

Determinantes sociales como factores contextuales de la obesidad: construcción de significado y valoración del estado nutricional según nivel socioeconómico

RESUMEN El objetivo fue explorar la influencia del nivel socioeconómico (NSE), como determinante estructural de la salud, sobre la construcción de significados y valor atribuidos a la obesidad. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a usuarios de programas de obesidad de dos centros de salud, procurando diferencias en el NSE del público objetivo. A partir del análisis de contenido temático, los resultados se organizaron en cuatro categorías construidas inductivamente: 1) significado atribuido de vivir con obesidad, 2) conciencia manifiesta del impacto de la obesidad sobre la propia salud, 3) búsqueda vivida de alternativas ante la obesidad y 4) origen atribuido de la obesidad. Se observó que la obesidad, entendida como categoría médica, varió según NSE tanto en significado como en la forma en que es problematizada, tomando sentidos incluso contradictorios. El salutismo se incorporó de manera heterogénea entre distintos grupos socioeconómicos, reproduciéndose como estilo de vida. Así, el NSE, entrelazado con otros determinantes sociales estructurales de la salud, pudo influir no sólo en los resultados de salud de manera 'causal', sino también -a través de mecanismos donde participaron contextualmente- en la definición del estado de salud y en el valor atribuido a la salud. Considerar este efecto diferencial de los determinantes sociales de la salud en la obesidad, sería importante para el logro de intervenciones efectivas en salud.

ABSTRACT The objective of the study was to explore the influence of socio-economic status (SES), as a structural social determinant of health, in the construction of the meaning and value attached to obesity. To do so, we conducted semi-structured interviews with obesity care users from two health centres, targeting socio-economic differences amongst participants. Using thematic content analysis, the findings were organised into four inductively constructed categories, labelled as: 1) the meaning attached to suffering from obesity; 2) awareness of the impact of obesity on one's health; 3) the search for alternatives while being obese; 4) attributed origin of obesity. Obesity was understood as a medical category, varied in meaning as well as in the way it was problematized depending on SES, acquiring contradictory meanings. Healthism is incorporated in a heterogeneous way among different socioeconomic groups, reproduced via specific lifestyles. Thus, SES, intertwined with other structural social determinants of health, was not only a 'cause' of the outcome but also contextually in the mechanisms through which health status and the value of health were defined. Considering this differential effect of social determinants of health would be important in designing appropriate health interventions.

A study of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and the fetal outcome in a tertiary care hospital: a prospective study

Background: Pregnancy induced hypertension is one of the major causes of feto maternal morbidity and mortality in pregnancy. The exact cause of PIH is unknown certain factors are known to increase the risk of PIH such as risk factor includes that young women with first pregnancy.Methods: The objective of this study was to assess the socio-demographic and clinico-pathological profile of the patients with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and its associated fetal outcomes. A prospective study was conducted in department of obstetrics and gynecology Shri B. M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura Karnataka from 15th July to 15th December 2018. All women admitted to labour ward with diagnosis of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy were included in the study after ruling out the exclusion criteria and thorough history, examination and laboratory evaluation were done and followed till delivery.Results: A total of 123 pregnant women with hypertensive disorder of pregnancy were enrolled in the study. Most of the participants were in the age group of 20 to 30 years. The PIH was seen mostly in primigravida, lower socioeconomic status and with lower educational levels. Emergency LSCS is the most common mode of delivery.Conclusions: The hypertensive disorder in pregnancy affects the majorly younger age group. It is most commonly seen in low socio-economic and uneducated population. Hence, there should be provided with proper antenatal care, early detection of hypertensive disorders for better feto-maternal outcome.

The immunization status and drop out of 0-3 years children in a rural area of Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

Background: The vaccine preventable diseases are one of the causes of morbidity and mortality among children despite implementation of immunization program.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in rural area of Jaipur to know immunization status of 0-3 years of children and its relation to socio-demographic factors and reason for dropout.Results: Total no of families in study was 194. Majority of them were Hindu ( 94.84%). Majority of children belong to socioeconomic class V (55.%) and socioeconomic class IV (28.5%). 48.17% mothers were of 25-29 years of age group. 93.02%of mothers were housewives. Majority of mothers (42.5%) were illiterate, BCG vaccination coverage was found to be  71.09%, while that of OPV was 71.09%, DPT 64.96%, Measles 60.71%, and MMR vaccination was 3.43%. This study shows that drop our rate for DPT was 19.4%, dropout rate of OPV was 22.33%. Left out rate for DPT was 35.03%.Conclusions: Majority of children who were non immunized belong to illiterate mothers. Reasons for non-immunization in maximum number of cases was lack of information, wrong ideas regarding immunization and unaware of need for immunization.

Comparison of plasma adipocytokines & C-reactive protein levels in healthy schoolgoing adolescents from private & government-funded schools of Delhi, India

Background & objectives: Obesity-mediated chronic inflammatory state is primarily governed by lifestyle and food habits in adolescents and marked by alterations in the level of various inflammatory markers. This cross-sectional study was aimed to compare the inflammatory status of healthy Indian adolescents vis-�-vis their obesity profile. The inflammatory state of urban adolescents attending private and government-funded schools, and the relationship between inflammatory marker levels and anthropometric indices in the study participants from both groups were examined. Methods: A total of 4438 study participants (10-17 yr) were chosen from various schools of Delhi, India, and their anthropometric parameters were measured. Plasma adipocytokines (adiponectin, leptin and resistin) of the study participants were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were assayed by a biochemical analyzer. Metabolic syndrome-related risk factors such as waist circumference, hip circumference (HC), fasting glucose, fasting insulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and triglycerides of normal-weight adolescents were also evaluated. Results: The level of leptin and CRP increased with increasing adiposity, whereas adiponectin levels were found to be negatively related to obesity. All plasma cytokine levels (adiponectin, leptin and resistin) were significantly elevated in female than male adolescents. Age-based classification revealed a distinct trend of variability in the levels of all the inflammatory markers among adolescents of varying age groups. Significant differences were observed between private and government schoolgoing adolescents in terms of anthropometric and inflammatory parameters, with higher adiposity indices in the former group. The relationship of plasma adipokine and CRP levels with various adiposity indices was found to be distinctly different between private and government schoolgoing students. Interpretation & conclusions: Inflammatory markers were significantly elevated in overweight/obese adolescents. The socio-economic condition of urban Indian schoolgoing adolescents reflecting lifestyle transition has profound effects on their adiposity indices and inflammatory states. Longitudinal studies in different regions of the country need to be done to further confirm the findings.

Effect Of Socio-Economic Status On Physical Activity In Community Dwelling South Indian Older Adults

Introduction: Different patterns of activities were reported due to different cultural attitudes of the individuals. Socio-economic status should be taken into consideration when exploring the effect of socio-economic status on health over the life course. Available literature brings out limited studies on socio-economic status and its association with physical activity. In view of above, present study was undertaken to determine an association between selected demographic variables, BMI and physical activity, among older adults, in south India. Materials and Methods: Present study is a community based cross-sectional study, undertaken among older adults (> 55 years and above). Purposive sampling method was used to select the study subjects. A total of 63 older adults were included in the study. The study was conducted over a period of one and half years from 01 January 2018 to 30 June 2019, in selected urban and semi-urban areas in Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka (India). Results: The study comprised of a total of 63 older adults which included 32 (50.79%) males while remaining 31(49.20%) were females. The physical activity levels were found to be highest (33.33%) in 55-60 years age group while these were lowest (0.00%) in 75 years and above, age group. The association between physical activity and age, was found to be statistically significant. (p value= 0.015) Discussion: In our study, out of 21 older adults from middle SES class 13 (61.90%) were found to be having low physical activity, while in lower SES group out of 21 subjects 9 (42.85%) were found to be having high physical activity levels. However, the subjects from upper SES group, revealed low levels of physical activity as only 02(09.52%) out of 21 subjects showed high levels of physical activity. Conclusion: Present study brings out significant association between physical activity and BMI, while no association was observed between socio-economic status and physical activity. Further, low levels of physical activity were observed across all SES groups,

Factors that bias teacher expectations: Findings from Chile / Factores que sesgan las expectativas docentes: hallazgos en Chile

Abstract It is well-known that teacher expectations tend to be biased by factors such as student socio-economic status (SES) and gender. However, much less research has been devoted to understanding how teacher characteristics may impact their own expectations of the students. The present study investigated teacher expectations for 343 Chilean teachers (240 in-service and 103 pre-service). We first designed and validated an instrument to measure expectations; then we assessed the effect of teacher gender and experience, and student gender and school-SES in the formation of teacher expectations. The data were analysed using hypothesis and data-driven analyses. The results showed that SES had an effect on teacher expectations (η2= .03 to .12); there was a higher probability that teachers from high-SES schools would have positive expectations of their students. However, negative expectations were equally distributed across teachers working in high and low-SES schools. There was also no evidence of the effect of teacher or student gender on teacher expectations. With respect to teacher experience, the findings were clear cut; both pre-service and in-service teachers shared identical expectations of their students. These findings have important implications regarding teacher training programmes since the expectation bias is observed very early during training.

Resumen Es bien sabido que las expectativas docentes tienden a estar sesgadas por factores como el nivel socioeconómico de los estudiantes (NSE) y el género. Sin embargo, se ha investigado menos cómo las características de los docentes pueden afectar sus propias expectativas de los estudiantes. El presente estudio investigó las expectativas de 343 docentes chilenos (240 en servicio y 103 alumnos en prácticas). Primero se diseñó y validó un instrumento para medir expectativas; luego se evaluó el efecto del género y experiencia del profesor, y el género del estudiante y NSE de la escuela en la formación de las expectativas del profesor. Los datos fueron analizados mediante técnicas dirigidas por hipótesis y por datos. Los resultados mostraron un efecto del NSE de la escuela en las expectativas docentes (η2 = .03 a .12), con una mayor probabilidad de que los profesores de escuelas con alto NSE tengan expectativas positivas de sus estudiantes. Sin embargo, las expectativas negativas fueron distribuidas equitativamente entre los profesores que trabajaban en escuelas con bajo y alto NSE. Tampoco hubo evidencia del efecto de género de los profesores o estudiantes en las expectativas del profesor. Respecto a la experiencia del profesor, los hallazgos son claros; tanto los estudiantes en práctica profesional como los profesores en servicio mostraron idénticas expectativas hacia sus estudiantes. Estos hallazgos tienen implicaciones importantes respecto a los programas de formación docente ya que el sesgo de las expectativas se observa tempranamente desde la formación.

Impact of infant & young child feeding & caring practices on morbidity

Background: Around 5.9 million children still die every year before reaching their fifth birthday. Child morbidity and mortality due to preventable causes remains high in developing countries. Aim & Objective: To find out the relationship of morbidity with child rearing practices and sociodemographic characteristic. Material and Methods: To cover a sample size of 400 in urban health center area population under 5 children every alternate family was selected by systematic random sampling from the total of 1867 registered families at urban health center. The data was obtained by the interview of mothers and examination of children using predesigned and pretested Questionnaire. The data thus collected, was first coded and then transferred to a master chart on Microsoft Excel sheet, from which distribution as well as co-relation tables were prepared, analyzed and statistically evaluated by SPSS version 20.0.Result: In the present study, the overall fortnightly incidence of morbidity among under 5 children was found to be 65.3% (boys – 64.2%, girls – 66.5%). Exclusive breastfeeding (p < 0.001); time of initiation of breastfeeding (p < 0.001); complementary feeding (p < 0.05) and hand washing practices (p < 0.001) are statistically significant predictors of child morbidity Conclusion: We need comprehensive child health care programme having all three promotive, preventive and curative services.

Análisis socioeconómico del consumo excesivo de alcohol en Ecuador / Socioeconomic Analysis of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in Ecuador / Análise socioeconômica do consumo excessivo de álcool no Equador

Resumen Introducción: el consumo excesivo de alcohol constituye un serio problema de salud pública en Ecuador y se posiciona como una de las principales causas de muerte en el país. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo identificar si el nivel socioeconómico condiciona la probabilidad de que una persona se convierta en consumidor excesivo de alcohol. Materiales y métodos: se usa como fuente de información la Encuesta Ecuatoriana de Condiciones de Vida 2014. El método de estimación es un modelo logístico para determinar el efecto marginal que tiene el nivel socioeconómico en la probabilidad de que un individuo sea catalogado como consumidor excesivo de alcohol; el nivel socioeconómico se aproxima con el nivel de pobreza, situación laboral e instrucción. Resultados: se demuestra que las personas que se encuentran en una situación de pobreza, no culminaron sus estudios secundarios o superiores y están desempleados tienen, en promedio, una mayor probabilidad de caer en el consumo excesivo de alcohol; es decir, los hallazgos confirman que los factores que determinan un bajo nivel socioeconómico vulneran a los individuos a ser consumidores excesivos de alcohol. Además del factor económico, un individuo es más propenso consumir alcohol en exceso cuando es hombre, soltero, mayor de 65 años y habita en la zona urbana. Conclusión: el diseño de política para atender el consumo excesivo de alcohol como un problema de salud pública debe plantearse como ejes de atención aquellos determinantes fundamentales para tener una atención efectiva y que está estrechamente vinculada con los niveles socioeconómicos bajos.

Abstract Introduction: High levels of alcohol consumption constitute a relevant public health issue in Ecuador; in fact, it positions as one of the principal causes of death in the country. This research aimed to identify if the socioeconomic level conditions relate to the probability of a person consumption of alcohol in excess. Materials and Methods: The cardinal source of information is the 2014 Living Conditions Survey. The estimation method was a logit-type probabilistic model to determine the marginal effect of the socio-economic level in the probability of cataloging an individual as an in excess alcohol drinker. The socioeconomic level is a proxy of the poverty level, labor situation, and education. Results: The research demonstrates that poor people without finished education in the secondary or high level and who are unemployed, on average, have a higher probability of being a drinker of alcohol in excess. In addition to the economic factor, this probability increases if the individual is male, single, over 65 years old, and lives in the urban area. Conclusions: The policy design should address excessive alcohol consumption as a public health problem. The attention of politicians should be driven to the fundamental determinants of alcohol consumption to have effective results, especially to those closely linked with low socioeconomic levels.

Resumo Introdução: o consumo excessivo de álcool constitui um sério problema de saúde pública no Equador e posiciona-se como uma das principais causas de morte no país. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar se o nível socioeconómico condiciona a probabilidade de que uma pessoa se converta em consumidor excessivo de álcool. Materiais e métodos: se usa como fonte de informação o Inquérito Equatoriano de Condições de Vida 2014. O método de estimação é um modelo logístico para determinar o efeito marginal que tem o nível socioeconómico na probabilidade de que um indivíduo seja catalogado como consumidor excessivo de álcool; o nível socioeconómico aproxima-se com o nível de pobreza, situação laboral e instrução. Resultados: demostra-se que as pessoas que se encontram em uma situação de pobreza, não culminaram seus estudos secundários ou superiores e estão desempregados têm, em média, uma maior probabilidade de cair no consumo excessivo de álcool; é dizer, os resultados confirmam que os fatores que determinam um baixo nível socioeconômico vulneram aos indivíduos a ser consumidores excessivos de álcool. Para além do fator econômico um indivíduo é mais propenso consumir álcool em excesso quando é homem, solteiro, maior de 65 anos e habita na zona urbana. Conclusão: o desenho de política para atender o consumo excessivo de álcool como um problema de saúde pública deve apresentar-se como eixos de atenção aqueles determinantes fundamentais para ter uma atenção efetiva e que está estreitamente vinculada com os níveis socioeconômicos baixos.

Effect of education and socio-economic status on parenting among pre-school and school going children

Background: Parenting is the process of promoting and supporting the physical, emotional, social and intellectual development of a child from infancy to adulthood. Parenting is a complex activity that includes much specific behavior that works individually or together to influence child's outcomes.Methods: It is prospective observational study carried out in the Department of Pediatrics, Shyam Shah Medical College and associated Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India during the period from July 2008 to June 2010. Parents were interviewed with predesigned proforma. Parenting was graded in to three grades (1, 2 and 3) according to the performance of parents in various aspects of parenting.Results: In this study, 60 parents had 155 children constituting 2.5 children per family and male to female ratio was 1.18:1. We observed that literate parents performed well in all aspects of parenting (i.e. behavioral, physical, emotional, mental, spiritual, nutritional), but illiterate parents could not score on these points especially in spiritual and nutritional aspects. 33% graduate parents fulfilled the criteria for grade 3 parenting in nutritional aspects, 55% intermediate passed parents in nutritional aspects were in grade 3, whereas there were more than 50% parents in behavioral, physical and emotional aspects who had education level up to primary class.Conclusions: Educational status of parents has a positive impact on almost all aspects of parenting and the educational status of mothers appeared to be even more influential. Socioeconomic status of parents and residential area have a great influence on all aspects of parenting.

Prevalence of anemia in school children in the age group of 8 to 14 years in Thiruvarur, Tamilnadu, India

Background: Iron deficiency is responsible for most of the nutritional anemia. Hemoglobin concentration is a reliable indicator of anemia at the population level, as opposed to clinical measures which are subjective and therefore have more room for error. Measuring Hemoglobin concentration is relatively easy and inexpensive, and this measurement is frequently used as a proxy indicator of iron deficiency. To study the association of certain risk factors with the prevalence of anemia in school children in the age group of 8-14 years.Methods: The study was conducted from April 2017 to March 2018 in Department of Paediatrics, Government Thiruvarur Medical College, Thiruvarur. The study population consisted of school children in the age group of 8 to 14 years fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The sample size was 250. Complete hematological investigations was done to each child for differential diagnosis of anemia.Results: Majority of the children studied had a normal BMI 38.4% (n=96), 16.8% (n=42) were classified as overweight, 9.2% (n=23) were classified as obese. 22.8% (n=57) were classified as having thinness. 12.8% (n=32) were classified as having severe thinness. Of the 132 children with anemia, majority had mild anemia 64.39% (n=85) followed by moderate 28.03% (n=37) and severe anemia 7.58% (n=10). Of the 132 children with anemia, majority had mild anemia 64.39% (n=85) followed by moderate 28.03% (n=37) and severe anemia 7.58% (n=10).Conclusions: The prevalence of anemia was significantly higher in female children (64.91%) compared to male children (42.65%). The prevalence of anemia is highest in children with severe thinness (78.13%) followed by children with obesity (73.91%). The most common type of anemia in our study was iron deficiency anemia. Majority of the children were suffering from anemia of mild severity. There was no statistically significant correlation between the prevalence of anemia in children and age and socioeconomic status.

Prevalence and Demographic Profile of Skin Disorders in School- Going Children of Urban and Rural Jaipur

Introduction: Skin disorders are common in children but havenot been regarded as a public health problem even though theyput a large burden on health care systems worldwide. Aboutone-third of children in India are affected by skin disorders atany given time. Climatic factors, poor hygiene, poor accessto water, household overcrowding and close contact lead tothis high prevalence. However there is a relative paucity ofdata in comparison to this high prevalence. Study objectivewas to determine the prevalence and pattern of skin disordersamongst school going children aged 6 to 17 years in ruraland urban Jaipur and their nutritional, socio-economic andstandard of sanitation correlates.Material and Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional studycarried out in 410 children aged 6-17 years from ten randomlyselected schools, five rural and five urban, in Jaipur from 1stJanuary 2017 to 30th June 2018. Detailed history includinggrading of socioeconomic status and standard of sanitation aswell as physical examination were done with due regard toprivacy. Clinical diagnosis was made.Results: The prevalence of skin disorders was found to be48.3%, more in girls (59.6%) and more in rural areas (58.1%).Seborrhoea capitis (15.4%) was the most common followedby Acne vulgaris (13.2%), Pityriasis alba (4.4%), Tinea (alltypes) (3.9%), Pediculosis capitis (3.2%), and Furunculosis,Scabies and Pityriasis versicolor (<2% each). Prevalence hada significant correlation with level of sanitation whereas notwith literacy of parents, socioeconomic status (Kuppuswamyscore) and type of school. Only one fourth of symptomaticchildren took treatment.Conclusion: High prevalence of skin disorders exists inschool-going children of Western India, especially noninfectious dermatosis. Rural residence and level of sanitationare significant attributes.